![]() ![]() ![]() Johannes Kepler triangulated the position of Mars by using observations of Mars when it returned to the same position in its orbit. Furthermore, the original Copernican model was no simpler than the earlier Ptolemaic model.Īs 16th Century astronomers did not have access to telescopes, Newtonian physics, and statistics, it wasn’t obvious to them that the Copernican model was superior to the Ptolemaic model, even though it correctly placed the sun in the centre of the solar system. In some cases the position of Mars is in error by 2 degrees or more (far larger than the diameter of the moon). Copernicus disposed of the equant, which he despised, but replaced it with the mathematically equivalent epicyclet.Īstronomer-historian Owen Gingerich and his colleagues calculated planetary coordinates using Ptolemaic and Copernican models of the era, and found that both had comparable errors. The Copernican planets still travelled around the solar system using motions described by the superposition of circular motions. Unfortunately, the original Copernican model was loaded the Ptolemaic baggage. The original Copernican model has similarities to Ptolemaic models, including circular motions and epicycles. And it thus became the primary means of explaining planetary motion for over a millennium. But, to his credit, Ptolemy’s model predicted the positions of planets in the night sky with an accuracy of a few degrees (sometimes better). Ptolemy explained planetary motion using the superposition of two circular motions, a large “ deferent” circle combined with a smaller “ epicycle” circle.įurthermore, each planet’s deferent could be offset from the position of the Earth and the steady (angular) motion around the deferent could be defined using a position know as an equant, rather than the position of the Earth or the centre of the deferent. This model, from an Arabic copy of Ptolemy’s Almagest, is illustrated above. Qatar National LibraryĪncient Greek astronomers produced geocentric (Earth-centred) models of the solar system, which reached their pinnacle with the work of Ptolemy. They’re a bit brighter than most stars and twinkle less, but otherwise look like stars.Ī page of an Arabic copy of Ptolemy’s Almagest, illustrating the Ptolemaic model for a planet moving around the Earth. At first the planets don’t really distinguish themselves from the stars. ![]() Imagine you’re an astronomer from antiquity, exploring the night sky without the aid of a telescope. These notes give us a clue to the labour, insights and genius that drove the Copernican revolution. We can gain insights into how this profound shift unfolded by looking at the actual notes left by the astronomers who contributed to it. Rather, it took almost a century of new theory and careful observations, often using simple mathematics and rudimentary instruments, to reveal our true position in the heavens. In antiquity people believed the Earth was the centre of the solar system and the universe, whereas now we know we are on just one of many planets orbiting the sun.īut this shift in view didn’t happen overnight. Anyone performing any part of these demonstrations, even with revisions, knowingly and voluntarily assumes all risks associated with them.It’s not a stretch to say the Copernican revolution fundamentally changed the way we think about our place in the universe. These risks include, without limitation, bodily injury (and possibly death), including risks to health that may be temporary or permanent and that may exacerbate a pre-existing medical condition and property loss or damage. Performing all or any portion of any of these demonstrations, with or without revisions not depicted here entails inherent risks. The demonstrations included here are within the public domain and can be found in materials contained in libraries, bookstores, and through electronic sources. The University of Iowa is not responsible for demonstrations performed by those using their own equipment or who choose to use this reference material for their own purpose. Disclaimer: These demonstrations are provided only for illustrative use by persons affiliated with The University of Iowa and only under the direction of a trained instructor or physicist. ![]()
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